BIS5101 Strategic IT-Management Prof. Dr. Karl-Heinz Rau WS 2013/14
Term Paper
Topic: How Companies Could Achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage
Gahn, Philip MACFA, ID# 309601 gahnphil@hs-pforzheim.de
Kominek, Lukas MACFA, ID# 300953 komluk@hs-pforzheim.de
Wenz, Eugen MACFA, ID# 300636 weneug@hs-pforzheim.de
th
Submission date: November 2 2013
1 Purpose and Structure
In the last couple of years the concept of achieving CA played an increasingly important role in discussions about business strategy. Many definitions and approaches can be found in classic literature about strategic management; however they have no common or clear ground on these concepts, except for one: the consensus of CAs is always related to a company’s value enhancement.1
This term paper will give an overview about the topic “competitive advantage” and “how companies could achieve them in a sustainable way”. In the corporate context, competitive advantages are essential and a company cannot succeed over competitors without having strategies to beat out others. The paper introduces some strategies for companies to be - at least temporarily – successful and how this gained advantage can be sustained over long term.
In chapter two the origins of competitive advantage will be introduced and we will try to find an adequate definition related to the topic. Following this, chapter three will look at the traditional and modern approaches about competitive advantage to get a theoretical background. In the fourth chapter it will be explained how companies can sustain their previously achieved competitive advantages. In the conclusion results are drawn.
2 Definition and Origin of Competitive Advantage
What is Competitive Advantage (short: CA) and what is the origin of that term? This question can be explained in several ways. In this chapter we want to first find out how CA can be declared in a company’s context. We want to start to with a uniform definition and further derive the origins of CA.
In general CA is understood as “a benefits advantage in profitability and productivity over competitors, where the productivity is equal to the value of products and services, which are produced by a unit of labor, capital and natural resources”.2 Michael E. Porter, one of the lead authorities of CA, believes the following about it: “Competitive advantage is at the heart of a firm’s performance in competitive markets”.3
Due to these varying definitions of CA in literature, a distinction is found in this term paper, which puts this subject in a plausible corporate context. Therefor attention is focused on the book “Economics of Strategy” where the origins of CA are examined and declared as follows:
„(…) developing a competitive advantage involves looking deep into the future to anticipate unmet or even unarticulated consumer needs, betting on alternative technologies, investing in the development of new products and new capabilities to produce and deliver those products to market, and then being the first to introduce those products to the marketplace to benefit from early-mover advantages, (…)”.4 The authors5 of this work divide the Origin of CA in different parts: Innovation, Evolution, and the Environment.6 In this term paper we describe only the most important ones according to the view of the authors and explain them and their characterization briefly:
Raschke (2009), p.9f. Comp. Porter (1985), p. (preface) xxi. 4 Besanko et. al. (2010), p.442. 5 The authors are Besanko, Dranove, Shanley and Schaefer. 6 Comp. Besanko et al. (2010), p.441.
Creative Destruction
According to Joseph Schumpeter7 creative destruction is understood as a process, whereby the sources to achieve CA (old structures, processes and factors of production) previously need to be eliminated, before replacing them with e.g. a combination of new innovations.8 §
Evolution of Economy and Dynamic Capabilities
Rather than profit maximization through innovative activities, which is the traditional understanding of firms to be successful, the goal of evolutionary economics is that firms need to continuously improve their routines to survive and be effective. Dynamic capabilities e.g. through adapting of resources help firms react to market changes and discontinuities.9 §
The Environment
Michael E. Porters work "Competitive Advantage of Nations"10 describes the local environment as the driver and root of creating and sustaining CA. He identifies four key factors (compare to figure 1) needed in order to achieve CA in the global market.11 These key factors are Competitive rivalry, Related supplier or support industries, Factor conditions and Demand conditions.
Schumpeter was an Austrian American economist and political scientist (1883 – 1950). Comp. Besanko et al. (2010), p.461. 9 Comp. Besanko et. al (2010), p. 455-457. 10 The book was published in the year 1998. 11 Comp. Besanko et. al (2010), p. 457-459. 12 Besanko et al. (2010), p.458.
Approaches and Methods to Achieve Competitive Advantages
This chapter introduces several different approaches at a company’s disposal in order to achieve CA. In particular the traditional approaches according to Michael E. Porter and two modern techniques of the Harvard Business School are explained.
The Traditional Approach According to Porter
Michael E. Porter is a professor at Harvard Business School in the USA13 and the director of the Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness. He is primarily concerned with explaining how companies can achieve advantage in competition and is one of the leading economists on the range of strategic management.14 In his article “What is Strategy?” which was released in the Harvard Business Review Newspaper in 1996, he explains how companies can stand out of the crowd and why it is important to be different than their rivals. Porter explains that CA can be achieved through three types of strategies (compare to figure 2): Differentiation, Cost Leadership or Focusing on Priorities.15
United States of America Harvard Business School 2013 (URL2). 15 Comp. Porter (2000), p. 37. 16 Porter (2000), p.38.
9 In the aforementioned article Porter says that Strategy rests on unique activities and that “a company can outperform rivals only if it can establish a difference that it can preserve”.17 This difference can be achieved through “Operational Effectiveness” and “Strategic Positioning”.
Operational Effectiveness
According to Porter Operational Effectiveness (short: OE) means “performing similar activities better than rivals perform them”18. This implies that even if you produce the same product as your rival, it should be the better product in relation to quality and the value chain should function optimally. Following criteria can help achieve operational effectiveness because they directly affect levels of differentiation: · · · · · § Developing the product more efficiently Reduce defects and quality improvement of the product Employ more advanced technology Motivate employees better Better managing of particular activities19
Strategic Positioning
“Strategic positioning means performing different activities from rivals’ or performing similar activities in different ways”.20 As mentioned before another approach for companies to be successful is being different and having another value chain than rivals do. According to Porter this uniqueness can be achieved through three distinct types of positioning: 21
Variety-based Needs-based Access-based
Having distinctive products or services Targeting special groups of customers Reaching customers in special ways
Porter (1996), p.62. Porter (1996), p.62. 19 Comp. Porter (1996), p.62. 20 Porter (1996), p.62. 21 Comp. Porter (1996), p.66f. 10 3.1.1 Cost Leadership
With this strategy a company aims to be the most cost-effective manufacturer in the industry. It offers a variety of products and is trying to serve a wide array of industry segments. These wide-ranging activities are important for cost projection and are depending on different factors: · · · Proprietary technology Access to raw materials under favorable terms Increasing economies of scale
Focusing on Priorities
This strategy differs from the aforementioned. It chooses only a segment or a group of segments of the industry and tries to serve their wishes best, to exclude other competitors. With this strategy companies are not able to achieve general CA, but they achieve it in their chosen segments of industry by exclusively focusing on them. As can be seen in Figure 2 Focusing on Priorities can be distinguished in two variants: One opportunity is to focus on differentiation in the chosen segments and trying to serve the customer needs in best ways. The other variant is to focus on costs. By differentiating in cost behavior in various segments and by aiming to be the most cost-effective manufacturer in the segment cost advantages can be gained. No matter what variant is chosen by a company, the goal is that competitive firms, which are trying to serve a wide target, cannot serve the chosen segments optimally.
Modern Approaches
Besides the traditional strategies like the above-mentioned Porter approach, there exist a few modern strategies to achieve CA. We focus on two possible modern approaches: “The Strategy as a Compilation of Simple Rules” and the “The Blue Ocean Strategy”.
Comp. Porter (2000), p.38f. Comp. Porter (2000), p.41f.
The Strategy as a Compilation of Simple Rules
The basic message of this strategy as a compilation of simple rules is, to make use of opportunities that business organizations do have at the moment, while moving from one option to another. At the same time it’s important to concentrate permanently on possible prospective changes and current movements of external market factors. The advantage of this strategy is that managers can focus on some rules, which are very easy to understand; they just need to follow them very carefully. The strategy as a compilation of simple rules basically concentrates on important processes and the establishing of simple rules, defining those processes. A CA can be developed when a process turns into a practice that achieves more favorable economy of scales and scope. The downside of this advantage is that there is an uncertainty of how long it is sustainable; usually not for very long. For that reason managers need to gain the highest possible profit at this short period. The following list shows a number of these simple rules with examples of known companies: §
How-to rules
e.g.: Akamai: Staff needs to be technical experts, questions should be answered immediately. § Boundary rules
e.g.: Cisco: Companies must have less than 75 employees and 75% of whom are engineers. § Priority rules
e.g.: Intel: To allocate the manufacturing capacity, the allocation is based on a products margin. § Timing
e.g.: Nortel: Rules for development: project teams have to know when they have to deliver a product the time is restricted to 18 months. § Exit rules
e.g.: Oticon: Rule for canceling a project: If a team member chooses to leave the project, it will be aborted.)
12 The number of rules should be restricted to a number between two and seven, depending on the characteristics of a company.24
3.2.2 The Blue Ocean Strategy
The Blue Ocean Strategy represents a characteristic of business life. In the past, many of our modern industries like cars, aviation or management consulting have been obscure or just started to develop. The uncertainty of future needs and industries creates a guessing game that has the guarantee to lead to success for those that guess right and act. Blue Ocean Strategy suggests that an organization should create new demand in an uncontested market space, or a "Blue Ocean", rather than compete head-to-head with other suppliers in an existing industry. The following graphic shows four activities to change the main elements of this strategy (and its curve of the value): create, increase, decrease and eliminate.
There are six main principles that influence the blue ocean strategy which are divided into two groups. The first group defines the strategies that take place as the following:
24 25
Comp. Eisenhardt/Sull (URL3), pp. 108-115. Mauborgne R. & Kim Chan (2005), p.75.
13 · · · · Reconstruction of market confines Look at the big picture and not only at numbers Look beyond the existing demand Look after the function of strategic process
The second group includes the realization of strategies such as: · · Overcome organizational problems Contain self-implementation
The Strategy of Blue Ocean is nowadays not really established in strategic management literatures but has already been successfully used in practice for many times.26 A good example for the success of this strategy is Nintendo with its gaming console Nintendo Wii®, which has been developed for new and unknown gaming target customers. Nintendo was bypassing competitors like Microsoft`s Xbox360® or Sony`s PlayStation 3®, which compete against each other with the highest performance and best graphics by developing a new concept of motion control. This approach wrapped up a new market segment of casual gamers that were previously not focused on.27
4 Ways to achieve Sustainable Competitive Advantage
The in Chapter 3.2 introduced traditional approaches according to Porter are in a way not just achieving CA, but also sustaining CA. In his article “What is Strategy”, Porter imagines a productivity frontier, as can be seen in Figure 5, which is the present state of best practices. When a company improves their operational effectiveness to deliver a particular product it constantly moves towards the frontier, but from time to time the best practices change and the productivity frontier shifts outwards as new management approaches and technologies are developed. Due to this a company should be in steady change to improve their operational effectiveness to sustain their CA over competitors.
Comp. Mauborgne R. & Kim Chan (2005), pp.71-79. Comp. O`Gorman (2008), pp. 99-106. 28 Porter (1996), p.62f.
Due to the fact, that CAs are mostly temporary, another way of Sustainable Competitive Advantage (short: SCA) is the aforementioned differentiation in opposition to competitors to achieve uniqueness. A company’s product should be unique and hard to imitate for competing companies e.g. through complexity, causal ambiguity, culture and history. Competitors should only slowly be able to recognize changes on products or strategies and react to them with the longest possible delay to ensure the sustaining of the achieved CA.30
Another really important point is to react on market shocks. History shows many companies went broke because they ignored market changes or did not believe in newly appearing technologies.
According to Porter, there is also the opportunity for Trade-offs to sustain CAs. Trade-offs allow companies to focus on another field of customers, but there is always the risk of losing some market segments.
Porter (1996), p.62. Comp. Besanko et. al (2010), pp. 420-427. 31 Comp. Porter (1996), pp.68-70.
Besides the above-mentioned aspects there are a few other key aspects to achieve SCA: · · · ·
Value to the customers Dynamic capabilities Rarity of resources Non-substitutability of resources32
Conclusion
The essential ways for companies to be successful over long term are SCAs. Different approaches for companies to achieve CAs were introduced. Due to the fact that CAs are only temporary, a company should never rest on gained advantages or leaderships. Of course, the first goal is to even achieve CA, but after that companies need to maintain it over time. Most lectures about competitive strategy see this sustainability as a core aspect for a company to be and remain successful over long term on the global market or their chosen segments.
Companies can only survive if they serve their customers needs best. To achieve this they need to keep track of market changes, customers’ behaviors and new innovations and technologies. A company without these important views can never survive over long term and is doomed to fail.
Comp. Johnson, Scholes, Whittington (2008), p. 103-106. Comp. Johnson, Scholes, Whittington (2008), p. 231-233.
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References
Besanko, D., Dranove, D., Shanley, M., & Schaefer, S. (2010). Economics of Strategy. Northwestern University: John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Ltd.
Eisenhardt M. & Sull N. (URL3). Strategy as Simple Rules. Harvard Business School Press 2002, Massachusetts. URL: http://www.chuckthomas.net/PhilaCenter/Class_5/HBRStrategyAsSimpleRules-R0101Gp2.pdf (31.10.2013)
Harvard Business School 2013 (URL2). Institute for Strategy and Competitiveness. URL: http://www.isc.hbs.edu/ (31.10.2013)
Johnson, G., Scholes, K., & Whittington, R. (2008). Exploring Corporate Strategy (8th edition).
Mauborgne R, Kim Ch. W. (2005). Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant. Harvard Business School Press. Massachusetts.
O`Gorman P. (2008). Creating a Blue Ocean the Nintendo Way. In: Palermo Business Review, Palermo. URL: http://www.palermo.edu/economicas/cbrs/pdf/wii.pdf (29.10.2013)
Porter, M. E. (1996). What is Strategy? In: Harvard Business Review, pp. 61-78.
Porter, M. E. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. First Free Press Edition. New York.
17 Porter, M.E. (2000). Wettbewerbsvorteile – Spitzenleistungen erreichen und behaupten (6th Edition). Frankfurt am Main. Campus Verlag GmbH.
Raschke, W. F. (2009). Regionale Wettbewerbsvorteile. Gabler Verlag. München.
Rumelt, R.P. (URL1): What in the World is Competitive Advantage? URL:http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/faculty/dick.rumelt/Docs/Papers/Wh atisCA_03.pdf (29.10.2013)
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