Running head: COMPETATIVE ADVANTAGE AND PRO SPORTS
Competative Advantage and Pro Sports
Cynthia Moreno
University of Phoenix
MGT
488
Ricky Lovitt
Abstract
Competitive advantage is defined as the strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Competitive advantage occurs when an organization acquires or develops an attribute or combination of attributes that allows it to outperform its competitors. “A firm is said to have a competitive advantage when it is implementing a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential player” (Barney 1991 cited by Clulow et al.2003, p. 221). To gain competitive advantage a business strategy of a firm manipulates the various resources over which it has direct control and these resources have the ability to generate competitive advantage (Reed and Fillippi 1990 cited by Rijamampianina 2003, p. 362). There are two of competitive advantages: comparative advantage and differential advantage. We will address differential advantage in this paper and how it applies to the business of professional sports. A differential advantage is created when a firm's products or services differ from its competitors and are seen as better than a competitor's products by customers. Four criteria that determine a firm's competitive capabilities in the marketplace and judging a firm’s resources are as follows:
1. Are they Valuable? (do they enable a firm to devise strategies that improve efficiency or effectiveness?)
2. Are they Rare? (if many other firms possess it, then it is not rare)
3. Are they Imperfectly Imitable? (because of unique historical conditions, causally ambiguous, and/or are socially complex)
4. Are they Non-Substitutable? (if a ready substitute can be found, then this condition is not met)
When all four of these criteria are met, then a firm can be said to have a sustainable competitive advantage. Sustainability of competitive advantage is a function of these four factors.
Capabilites that are valuable, unique, costly to imitate and non-substitutable are core competencies and meeting these four criteria of sustainability ensures continued competitive advantage.
Sustainability of competitive advantage is a function of 4 factors. Each franchise in the National Football Leauge aquire a collection of resources and unique capabilities which form the basis of the franchise's competitive strategy.
We will address the four criteria of sustainable competitive advantage as it applies the Pittsburgh Steelers, a professional football league team with the fifith oldest tenure in the league. ". In the NFL's "modern era" (since the AFL-NFL merger in 1970) the Steelers have posted the best record in the league. The franchise has won the most total games, won the most divisional titles, earned the best winning percentage (including every expansion team), earned the most All-Pro nominations, and have accumulated the most Super Bowl wins (six) since the modern game started in 1970.
The Steelers organization has been one of the most stable franchises in the league since it joined in 1933. In August 2008. ESPN.com ranked the Steelers’ fan base as the best in the NFL, citing their “unbelievable” sellout streak of 299 consecutive games going back to the 1972. According to Forbes.com, “the Steelers' rabid fan base and operating control of Heinz Field keeps the small market franchise financially competitive”. Although the total team value ranks in the midrange of all NFL franchises, this has more to do with Pittsburgh being a small market city than with the brand management of the organization as a whole. The Steelers organization has consistently been a top revenue grosser amongst all franchises while mitigating player-cost-to win ratios and operating expenses (i.e. payroll and player bonuses).
The Pittsburgh Steelers organization encourages and fosters a philosophy and culture that starts at the top and trickles down to every level. This top down approach is rare in today’s results oriented world of professional football and is exemplified most clearly in the fact that the Steelers’s have had the fewest head coaches since the AFL-NFL merger. This type of consistency gives players the chance to develop and buy into the “Steelers” brand of football, which emphasizes defense, and ball control. The Steelers fans can appreciate this and value wins over high scores and “style points”. Indeed, the “Steelers” brand of football puts a priority on a team first mentality and requires it players to accept role-specific responsibilities over personal achievement, a rarity in professional sports today. This type of team first philosophy has sustained winning results for over four decades through salary caps, revenue sharing and parity-driven policies.
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